活塞在汽缸中做高速運(yùn)動，長時間工作后會產(chǎn)生磨損，當(dāng)磨損達(dá)到一定程度后，將引起發(fā)動機(jī)動力性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性明顯下降。
When the piston moves at high speed in the cylinder, it will be worn after working for a long time. When the wear reaches a certain degree, it will cause a significant decline in the power and economy of the engine.
(1)汽缸磨損規(guī)律
(1) Cylinder wear law
汽缸正常磨損的特征是不均勻磨損。汽缸孔沿高度方向磨損成上大下小的倒錐形，大磨損部位是活塞處于上止點(diǎn)時道活塞環(huán)對應(yīng)的汽缸壁位置，汽缸沿圓周方向的磨損形成不規(guī)則的橢圓形，其大磨損部位一般是前后或左右方向。
The normal wear of cylinder is characterized by uneven wear. The cylinder hole is worn into an inverted cone with large top and small bottom along the height direction. The large wear part is the cylinder wall position corresponding to the piston ring when the piston is at the top dead center. The wear of the cylinder along the circumferential direction forms an irregular oval, and the large wear part is generally in the front and rear or left and right directions.
造成上述不均勻磨損的原因是:活塞在上止點(diǎn)附近時各道環(huán)的背壓大，其中又以道環(huán)為大，以下逐漸減小;加之汽缸上部溫度高，潤滑條件差，進(jìn)氣中的灰塵附著量多，廢氣中的酸性物質(zhì)引起的腐蝕等.導(dǎo)致汽缸上部磨損較大。而圓周方向的大磨損部位主要是側(cè)向力、曲軸的軸向竄動等造成的。
The reasons for the above uneven wear are: when the piston is near the top dead center, the back pressure of each track ring is large, especially the track ring, which gradually decreases below; In addition, the upper part of the cylinder has high temperature, poor lubrication conditions, a large amount of dust adhesion in the intake air, corrosion caused by acidic substances in the exhaust gas, etc., resulting in large wear of the upper part of the cylinder. The large wear parts in the circumferential direction are mainly caused by the lateral force and the axial movement of the crankshaft.
(2)汽缸磨損的檢測
(2) Detection of cylinder wear
汽缸的磨損程度一般用圓度和圓柱度表示，也有的以標(biāo)準(zhǔn)尺寸和汽缸磨損后的大尺寸之差值來衡量，如桑塔納、捷達(dá)等汽車。
The wear degree of the cylinder is generally expressed by roundness and cylindricity, and some are measured by the difference between the standard size and the large size of the cylinder after wear, such as Santana, Jetta and other cars.
圓度誤差是指同一截面上磨損的不均勻性，用同一橫截面上不同方向測得的大直徑與小直徑差值之半作為圓度誤差。
Roundness error refers to the non-uniformity of wear on the same cross section. Half of the difference between large diameter and small diameter measured in different directions on the same cross section is used as roundness error.
.圓柱度誤差是指沿汽缸軸線的軸向截面上磨損的不均勻性，用被測汽缸表面任意方向所測得的大直徑與小直徑差值之半作為圓柱度誤差。
Cylindricity error refers to the non-uniformity of wear on the axial section along the cylinder axis. Half of the difference between large diameter and small diameter measured in any direction on the surface of the measured cylinder is used as the cylindricity error.
在進(jìn)行測量時，測量部位的選擇很重要，汽缸的測量位置如圖2.1.5所示，在汽缸體上部距汽缸上平面10mm處，汽缸中部和汽缸下部距缸套下口10mm處的三個截面，按A,B兩個方向分別測量汽缸的直徑。
During measurement, the selection of measuring parts is very important. The measuring position of the cylinder is shown in figure 2.1.5. The diameter of the cylinder is measured in two directions a and B at the three sections where the upper part of the cylinder block is 10mm from the upper plane of the cylinder and the middle and lower parts of the cylinder are 10mm from the lower opening of the cylinder liner.
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測量時，通常使用量缸表，其方法如下:
The cylinder gauge is usually used for measurement, and the method is as follows:
1)汽缸圓度的測量
1) Measurement of cylinder roundness
①根據(jù)汽缸直徑的尺寸，選擇合適的接桿，裝人量缸表的下端，并使伸縮桿有1-2mm的壓縮量。
① According to the size of the cylinder diameter, select the appropriate extension rod, install it at the lower end of the cylinder gauge, and make the telescopic rod have a compression of 1-2mm.
②將量缸表的測桿伸人到汽缸中的相應(yīng)部位，微微擺動表桿，使測桿與汽缸線垂直，量缸表指示的小讀數(shù)即為正確的汽缸直徑。用量缸表在部位A向測量，旋轉(zhuǎn)表盤使“0”刻度對準(zhǔn)大表針，然后將測桿在此截面上旋轉(zhuǎn)900，此時表針?biāo)缚潭扰c“0”位刻度之差的1/2即為該截面的圓度誤差。
② Extend the measuring rod of the cylinder gauge to the corresponding position in the cylinder, slightly swing the measuring rod to make the measuring rod perpendicular to the cylinder centerline, and the small reading indicated by the cylinder gauge is the correct cylinder diameter. The measuring cylinder gauge is measured in direction a, rotate the dial to align the "0" scale with the large gauge needle, and then rotate the measuring rod 900 on this section. At this time, 1 / 2 of the difference between the scale pointed by the gauge needle and the "0" scale is the roundness error of this section.
2)汽缸圓柱度的測量
2) Measurement of cylinder cylindricity
用量缸表在上部A向測量并找出正確的直徑位置，旋轉(zhuǎn)表盤使“0”刻度對準(zhǔn)大表針。然后依次測出其他5個數(shù)值，取6個數(shù)值中大差值的1/2作為該汽缸的圓柱度誤差。
Measure the measuring cylinder gauge in the upper a direction and find out the correct diameter position. Rotate the dial to align the "0" scale with the large needle. Then measure the other five values in turn, and take 1 / 2 of the large difference among the six values as the cylindricity error of the cylinder.
3)汽缸磨損尺寸的測量
3) Measurement of cylinder wear dimension
一般發(fā)動機(jī)大磨損尺寸在前后兩缸的上部。測量時，用量缸表在上部A向測量并找出正確汽缸直徑位置，旋轉(zhuǎn)表盤使“0”刻度對準(zhǔn)大表針，并記住小表針?biāo)肝恢谩Ｈ〕隽扛妆?，將測桿放置于外徑干分尺的兩測頭之間，旋轉(zhuǎn)外徑千分尺的活動測頭，使量缸表的大指針指向“0”，且小指針指向原來的位置(在汽缸中所指示的位置)。此時，外徑千分尺的尺寸即為汽缸的磨損尺寸。
Generally, the large wear size of the engine is on the upper part of the front and rear cylinders. When measuring, measure the cylinder gauge in the upper a direction and find out the correct cylinder diameter position, rotate the dial to align the "0" scale with the large needle, and remember the position indicated by the small needle. Take out the cylinder gauge, place the measuring rod between the two measuring heads of the outer diameter dry micrometer, rotate the movable measuring head of the outer diameter micrometer, so that the large pointer of the cylinder gauge points to "0" and the small pointer points to the original position (the position indicated in the cylinder). At this time, the dimension of the outside micrometer is the wear dimension of the cylinder.
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